If you’ve just left a job at a public school or a non-profit, there’s a fairly decent chance you’ve had access to a retirement savings plan called a 403(b). Leaving any job gives one reason to reevaluate their finances, so it’s a good idea to look at your options as far as moving your old 403(b).
Here, we’ll discuss what a 403(b) is, who is likely to have one, and the options for moving it out of your old employer once you decide to leave your job.
What is a 403(b)?
A 403(b) is simply a retirement savings vehicle that is typically available to teachers and other public service workers; it’s cleverly named after its tax-protected status in the IRS uniform code. A really useful way to think about a 403(b) is as a 401(k) for those who work in public schools or other non-profit environments.
The following groups are usually eligible to open a 403(b):
- Public school teachers
- College and university employees
- Hospital workers
- Employees of NFP (Not-For-Profit) organizations
- Some church and charity employees
In short, the 403(b) operates in a similar way to a 401(k) since it helps people save and invest for retirement. It also has certain tax advantages, depending on whether you choose the tax-deferred (pre-tax) or a Roth (after-tax) option.
What do I do with my 403(b) when I quit?
This is where it can get tricky — but fear not. You’ll have a number of choices when it comes to handling your 403(b) once you’ve moved on to a new job, or simply left your previous one.
Do nothing with your 403(b) and leave it alone.
There really isn’t anything preventing you from just leaving your 403(b) as is and letting it grow into and through retirement.
Pros
- No time commitment, other than to make the initial decision
- Simplest option
- Works well if your 403(b)’s investment menu and fee structure are adequate
Cons
- Account may be easily forgotten or suboptimally invested
- Investment options tend to be limited (fine for some, but not for others)
- Potentially higher cost — but not always
Leaving your 403(b) alone is of course a very viable option, but you’ll want to be sure that the account is part of your comprehensive financial plan and that you understand the investment and tax ramifications of leaving your account with your previous employer.
Roll your 403(b) over to an IRA.
This involves making a few phone calls and arranging for your 403(b) to be moved from your previous employer to a provider of your choice. Since IRAs are opened outside of your employer, this option won’t involve your new employer, even if they also offer a 403(b) plan (more on this later).
Pros
- Wider choice of investments to choose from
- Almost always lower cost
- More likely to allocate money within context of greater financial plan
- Consolidation tends to make things easier to visualize
Cons
- You’ll need to initiate a transfer
- Will take a bit of time for your former employer to transfer the funds
- You’ll need to decide which type of IRA makes sense for you
- It’s likely you’ll want your IRA to have the same tax status of your 403(b), so you don’t incur any unwanted tax consequences
- May be unnecessary if your 403(b) is sufficient and to your liking
The biggest pitfall of moving your 403(b) to an IRA is not carefully weighing the tax consequences of the particular action you’re considering. For instance, if you’re thinking of moving your 403(b) to a Roth IRA, you’ll need to explicitly calculate the tax cost and be sure you have the money available to cover the upcoming tax bill. Alternatively, you won’t owe any taxes if you proceed with moving your pre-tax 403(b) to a Traditional (pre-tax) IRA.
Bottom line: If you do choose to move your 403(b), know why you’re moving it, how it benefits you, and also be sure that you understand any potential tax consequences.
Combine with your new employer’s 403(b) plan 一 if you have one
This is only an option for you if you decide to move on to an employer that also offers a 403(b) plan, and your new employer would also need to allow “roll-ins” to the plan. Note that you won’t be able to combine your old 403(b) with a 401(k) plan or 457 plan at a new employer; you’ll only have the choice of merging your old 403(b) into a new 403(b) plan, if that’s even on the table in your specific circumstances.
Pros
- Consolidation of 403(b) plans into a single account (the “less is more” approach)
- Preserve benefits of 403(b) plans, like ERISA protections
- May offer distributions without penalty if you decide to retire after age 55
- Beneficial if new employer has superior 403(b) plan
Cons
- Still may be less effective than opening an IRA
- This will depend on costs and investments offered within the new 403(b)
- Will take time to set up, transfer, and reinvest the money
- New 403(b) plan may be inferior to old plan
As long as you’re fully accounting for — and thoroughly understanding — your 403(b) investments as part of your broader financial plan, you’ve won the battle. The next step is to ensure that your money sits in the best vehicle possible, which may be an IRA. This will completely depend on your personal situation.
Key Takeaways
- If you’re a public education employee, or a non-profit worker, there’s a very good chance you’ve been offered a 403(b) plan to save and invest for retirement.
- When you leave your employer, you’ll be able to:
- Leave the money as it is
- Roll the 403(b) plan over to an IRA at a provider of your choosing
- Merge your old 403(b) with your new 403(b), if one is offered
- Careless planning can lead to unintended (and often severe) tax consequences, so be sure that you fully understand the process and ramifications of any action you take surrounding your 403(b). Above all, remember to ensure that you are moving your 403(b) to an account with “like-tax” status to avoid any tax charges upon transfer.
- Always take your 403(b) in the context of your entire financial plan; in other words, don’t look at your 403(b) in isolation. You should view your 403(b) as one slice of your entire financial pie 一 and then work to optimize from there.
